Ste12 is also sumoylated and its sumoylation is stimulated by pheromone treatment, a condition that activates both Fus3 and Kss1. Thus the regulation of Ste12 sumoylation appears to be different from that of Tec1. Microarray technologies have also played a prominent role in shaping our 20(S)-Notoginsenoside-R2 understanding of the complexity of transcriptome. Triptonide recently, whole-transcript microarrays were used to monitor 24,426 alternative splicing events in 48 human tissues and cell lines. Although this technology has been used extensively, limitations still persist; including limited probe coverage, cross-hybridization artifacts, requirement of previously known gene structures and difficulties in data analysis, etc. More recently, rapid progress in the development of massively parallel sequencing such as Illumina/Solexa or Applied Biosystems/SOLiD, has provided people unprecedented opportunities to interrogate plausible alternative RNA splicing. Using these technologies, tens of millions of short tags can now be simultaneously sequenced at less than 1% the cost of traditional Sanger methods.It would be interesting to understand why sumoylation of these two related transcriptional factors are regulated differently by their upstream kinases. Distinct from Tec1, the principle sumoylation site on Ste12 has not been identified yet. Future work should be directed to identify Ste12 sumoylation site and examine the functional consequences of inhibiting Ste12 sumoylation. Conceivably, once the sumoylation site on Ste12 is identified, the UFDS approach could also be applied to examine the functional consequences of Ste12 sumoylation. Several methods have been applied to detect AS events. Expression Sequence Tag was the first widely used technology and played a leading role in detecting AS events. However, except for the relatively high cost, EST technology has many other limitations including genomic contamination, cloning bias, paralog confusing, 39 gene bias and low sensitivity in detecting low abundance transcripts. Besides, it also requires great efforts for data interpretation.