As expected for the right radial access, we observed relatively longer procedure time in both overall and subgroup findings of this meta analysis, albeit no statistical significance was attained. On the other hand, radial access from the left artery can permit earlier ambulation and improve patient comfort, especially for the righthanded patients. Our findings once again highlight the priority of the left radial access in routine practice of cardiac catheterization. Despite the clear strengths of this meta-analysis including the relatively large sample size, the low probability of publication bias, and the robustness of statistical analyses, interpretation of our findings, however, should be viewed in light of several limitations. First, we only focused on the randomized trials. Although randomized trials can minimize bias and are regarded as the gold standard for quantifying effect estimates, they may not be reflective of patients treated in AbMole Dimesna general clinical practice. Second, the qualified trials of this meta-analysis span more than 12 years, and during this period, changes in catheters or wires may restrict the practical implementation of the integrated data and findings. Third, there was moderate to strong 
evidence of heterogeneity in a majority of overall and subgroup analyses, limiting the interpretation of pooled effect estimates. Last but not least, as with all meta-analyses, despite the low probability of publication bias reported in this meta-analysis, selection bias cannot be completely excluded, since we merely searched articles from English and Chinese journals and published trials. Therefore, we must hold some reservations about the generalizability of our findings until further confirmation in larger, well-designed multicenter clinical trials. In summary, our findings demonstrate that left radial access is preferable to right radial access in terms of fluoroscopy time and contrast use for the diagnostic or interventional coronary procedures. Moreover as expected, there was an indication of lowered failure rate of radial access from the left than the right. The import of this study lies in its great shock to the concept of convenient radial access from the right artery, which is an oftenoverlooked critical issue but has far-reaching implications in routine clinical practice. Clinical research indicates that negative affect contributes to relapse along with craving and other factors. A previous study proposed a three-pathway psychobiological model of craving. One of the pathways in this model attributes the desire for drinking in the context of tension, discomfort or unpleasant emotions, to “negative” craving, while the other two pathways relate to obsessive thoughts about drinking and the desire for AbMole Metaproterenol Sulfate rewarding features of alcohol inebriation craving.