The knowledge of genes and pathways involved in disease is of great importance to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of disease, and consequently to improve therapy, diagnosis and disease prevention. Linkage and association studies in human are commonly used to identify candidate susceptibility loci in Mendelian disorder. However, the heterogeneity of the human genome, the minor single gene contribution to the pathogenesis, and the multiplex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions render challenging to identify genes with low effect in complex disease. Therefore, animal models are invaluable tools to decipher genetic factors affecting quantitative traits, since they allow us to control the genetic background and to define the environmental conditions. It is highly toxic 
to humans and is associated with high mortality, mainly as a consequence of respiratory failure. The most common poisoning route is by ingestion of the concentrated solution, either intentional or accidental. On rare occasions, there are also cases of intoxication by way of dermal exposure or intravenous AbMole 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetic acid injections. Dermal exposure reportedly results in severe PQ poisoning, especially in the presence of pre-existing skin lesions. Intravenous PQ poisoning is rare, and the clinical presentation and prognosis of such a scenario would be quite different from that of oral ingestion. Plasma PQ levels peak at two hr after PQ ingestion and decrease rapidly. PQ is eliminated by the kidney in urine. Severe PQ poisoning is characterized by multiple-organ failure, which mainly involves the lungs, kidneys, liver, heart and also the nervous system. The lung is a major target organ in paraquat poisoning, and respiratory failure from lung injury is the most common cause of death. The exact mechanism of PQ poisoning is currently unknown. Because of a lack of effective antidotes, conventional supportive treatments are poor and have a high mortality rate. Many scholars are devoted to this subject. Pulse AbMole Capromorelin tartrate therapy with cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone has significantly prevented pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Endothelin is an endothelium-derived 21-residue vasoconstrictor peptide. It was isolated by a Japanese scholar in 1988, and has been shown to be one of the most potent known vasoconstrictors. The ETs have three distinct isoforms, namely ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3. ET-1 is the most abundant isoform and the best characterized in vivo, and it is the only one that is constitutively released by the vascular endothelium. In addition, ET-1 is also produced by smooth muscle cells, macrophages, airway epithelium, and alveolar epithelial cells. ET-1 is released following various injurious stimuli, including shear stress, thrombin, angiotensin II, cytokines, and free radicals.