SlimFast and Glucerna have been used by participants of the Look AHEAD study but only as part of other sources of nutrient intake and of unknown mechanistic actions. Our experiments showed that all popular meal replacement drinks, along with AbMole Diatrizoic acid non-fat milk, had a stimulatory effect on FGF19. AbMole Miglitol Ensure Clear had the most potent effect and it should be noted that it was the only drink that did not contain any form of fat which is similar to non-fat milk which also had a potent stimulatory effect on FGF19 mRNA. We hypothesize that the absence of fat in these two drinks, and/or the presence of a yet-tobe determined ingredient may be responsible for the enhanced potency of the effect in Ensure clear and non-fat milk on FGF19 expression. Further experiments using individual components would need to be performed to address this question. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee in particular, also had potent stimulatory effects on FGF19 expression. Using two different concentrations of caffeine, we showed that caffeine itself is unlikely to be the stimulatory ingredient. In fact, the 10-fold higher concentration of caffeine significantly attenuated FGF19 expression. It would therefore appear that the stimulatory effects of coffee are due to other ingredients in the coffee beans that, in vivo, have been shown to stimulate incretins. Consumption of coffee, and in particular decaffeinated coffee have been consistently associated with reduced risk for developing type 2 diabetes. The analogous effects of decaffeinated coffee on the stimulation of FGF19 and its reported association with reduced risk of diabetes could potentially be correlated. It would therefore be of interest to measure in the future FGF19 levels in humans consuming 4�C8 cups of decaffeinated coffee and compare them to participants who are not 
consuming coffee. The 5-hour energy drink was the only liquid that downregulated FGF19 mRNA. This could be due to the potential presence of stimulants like caffeine which are not specified on the label of the product, or other components like niacin, vitamin B6, or folic acid that are listed on the label. In summary, meal replacement drinks, non-fat milk, and coffee had powerful stimulatory effects on FGF19 expression. This could potentially be beneficial in reducing risk for diabetes development because higher FGF19 levels are associated with non-diabetes and diabetes remission after RYGB surgery. High caffeine concentration and the 5-hour energy drink, on the other hand, had negative effects on FGF19 expression. These data should be corroborated by in vivo studies before any conclusions can be made regarding the beneficial effects of these popular drinks towards FGF19 expression and their potential effects with respect to the development of diabetes in humans. Sudden occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel by a thrombus or embolism initiates a complex process of events that includes excitotoxity, oxidative stress, microvascular injury, blood brain barrier dysfunction and postischemic inflammation that ultimately leads to cell death. Although several mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of stroke, increasing evidence shows that inflammation is a key contributor to the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases and this correlates with the outcome of the patient. Inflammation contributes to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier which promotes the formation of brain edema and contributes to acute mortality in stroke. In the acute phase of stroke activation of cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, adhesion molecules ICAM-1, Pselectin, E-electin and toxic molecules such as nitric oxide, free radicals, apoptosis, and stress genes occurs.