This screening identified frequent mutation and aberrant mRNA upregulation of RB1CC1 in MSI-H colorectal tumors, which deserves further investigation of its potential involvement in colorectal tumorigenesis. Some recent studies have revealed that EA1 is also retained in the proteomic profiling of rigorous washed spores and even salt/detergent washed exosporium. Although Wil-liams and Turnbough suggested EA1 was not a true spore surface protein, they stated this protein persistently existed in the spore surface. Therefore,Adriamycin it is valid to use EA1 as a detection target of B. anthracis spores herein, as EA1 is highly associated with the spore surface. In this study, we conclude that the mAbs we prepared, directed against EA1, can recognize the surface of B. anthracis spores as well as vegetative cells, and we also suggest EA1 protein can serve as a potential marker for the detection of B. anthracis. To guarantee the purity of spores that we prepared, both unwashed and fully washed spores were analysed by AFM. As is shown in Figure 1, a larger amount of free spores appeared. Even the unwashed spores were surprisingly clean, as no intact vegetative cells and little vegetative cell debris were present. However, because it is likely BU 4061T that some vegetative cell proteins will bind accidentally to the spore surface, the rigorous washing method, as described above, was still employed. There were few differences between the unwashed spores and fully washed spores, but the latter seemed to have a much smoother surface than the former, indicating that our spore purification protocol had removed some unknown material. There-fore, we used these fully washed B. anthracis spores as our immunogen and employed them in the subsequent experiments. The primary goal of this study was to generate mAbs with high affinity and specificity that could be applied to rapid detection of B. anthracis spores. The mAbs were produced against formalde-hyde-inactivated B. anthracis A16 spores and reacted with a range of live Bacillus spores, including B. anthracis. Most of the mAbs we produced were highly specific for B. anthracis spores.