In contrast, transfection of cells with vehicle or the control miRNA did not exhibit any significant effect on Abcc3 expression. Therefore, it is possible that microbiota upregulate Abcc3 expression by down-regulating mmu-miR-665. In other words, miRNAs might be involved in microbiota-regulated host genes expression. It should be noted that our miRNA target prediction approach was extremely restrictive since i) only target genes predicted by at least two algorithms were crossed with the DNA microarray- detected dysregulated genes, and ii) some of the dysregulated miRNAs are absent in the databases of the algorithms employed. This markedly reduced the number of host genes potentially regulated by miRNA in response to microbiota. Nonetheless, the microbiota-dysregulated Abcc3 gene was identified as a potential miRNA target by two algorithms. Abcc3 belongs to Kinase Inhibitor Library the multidrug resistance-associated protein family, which mediates the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous toxins, an intestinal function dysregulated in response to colonization of mice. In addition, it is worth to note that miRNAs can repress expression of proteins without affecting the mRNA levels. MiRNA target genes predicted by any of the three algorithms operated at lower stringency were compared with the DNA microarray-detected dysregulated genes, yielding higher numbers of Lapatinib overlapping genes. These genes might also represent potential microbiota regulated miRNA targets and should be considered for future studies. In summary, we demonstrate that microbiota modulate host miRNA expression. Thus, our study suggests an implication of miRNAs in microbiota-mediated host gene regulation. Programmatic evaluations of HIV/AIDS in resource-limited settings have historically focused on adult and child populations There is growing appreciation, however, that other age groups pose a particular challenge to the provision of combination antiretroviral therapy. For instance, the number adoles- cents on cART continues to increase. This is largely a reflection of successful treatment of perinatally-infected children, infections during early adolescence, and the expansion of access to cART worldwide Globally, in 2008, over 40% of all new reported HIV infections occurred in young people ages 15–24. A 2009 study from Southern Africa, Ferrand et al predicts a substantial epidemic among perinatally-infected adolescents de- spite previous assertions that few of these children would reach adolescence. As these children mature and enter adolescence, it is important that appropriate services are available to counsel youth about sexual safety, adherence to ART and reproductive choices in order to prevent further horizontal transmission. Adolescence can be a confusing time for youth, especially those living with a chronic and often stigmatized disease. A number of challenges have been identified that may compromise positive outcomes of care for adolescents. They may be particularly rebellious, may not have caregivers unlike younger children, and there many be challenges associated with puberty and disease.The few published studies examining outcomes of care among adolescents on cART report that cART access and adherence is lower in adolescents than in adults. Nachega and colleagues published the only study reporting adolescent clinical outcomes in Africa.13 In this relatively small sample,, the authors reported significantly worse virological suppression in adolescents versus adults in a cohort of patients from nine southern African countries receiving privately purchased cart.