These centers have a relatively high proportion of individuals seeking asylum, a group for whom high rates of retention in care and adherence to HAART may be more difficult to achieve, and thus we may have overestimated the proportion of successfully managed HIV patients in Sweden. Furthermore we were not able to assess whether the outcomes of HIV care differs between large centralized centers and the smaller ones. Individuals who test HIV positive are not registered by their civil registration number in the national registry for HIV surveillance, and thus double registration cannot be AbMole Veratramine completely avoided. Our calculations of the proportions of individuals diagnosed with HIV, who are linked to and retained in care and virally suppressed in Denmark, may therefore be slightly underestimated. Furthermore we were unable to assess characteristics of individuals who failed to be linked to care. When calculating the time from the first positive HIV test to the linkage to care, we largely had to rely on self-reported data from patients regarding date of 
first positive HIV test. We used VL<500 copies/mL as cut-off for viral suppression as this was the limit of detection at the beginning of the study period in some centers. This cut-off is higher than a commonly used definition of VL<50 copies/mL, but prevents individuals with a random ��blip�� from being classified as unsuccessfully treated. Major strengths of the study are the large study population including nationwide data from Denmark and approximately 70% of HIV patients enrolled in Swedish HIV centers and the availability of valid data on vital status and migration for individuals who are not retained in care from the Danish Civil Registration System and the Swedish regional authorities for control and prevention of communicable diseases. We conclude that in a tax-financed public health care system with easy access to specialized care free of charge, successful management of the majority of HIV patients is achievable. Interventions tailored to retain immigrants and injection drug users in care are needed to further reduce the proportion of sub-optimally managed HIV patients. The liver is considered important in the defense against bacterial infection. Endotoxin-induced acute liver failure is associated with high mortality. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a major constituent of the outer membrane of gramnegative bacteria, is a powerful activator of the innate immune response and a major cause of septic shock. The liver plays an important role in LPS detoxification. The gram-negative flora of the intestine is a substantial reservoir of endogenous LPS. LPS-induced activation of monocytes/macrophages leads to the secretion of a number of proinflammatory cytokines to eliminate bacterial infection. Excessive cytokine production may result in fatal septic shock.