With NPY, ��-MSH promotes expression of myeloid suppressor cell-like characteristics and activities in macrophages and microglial cells. Along with these immunomodulating actions, ��-MSH promotes survival at the later steps of apoptosis with the potential to further promote immunoregulation and immunosuppression by macrophages. These include Carnation mottle virus, Cowpea mottle virus, Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus, Melon necrotic spot virus, Pelargonium flower break virus, Saguaro cactus virus and Turnip crinkle virus. In general, the two 59 proximal open reading frames of Carmoviruses encode a p28 and a readthrough p81, which are thought to be involved in virus replication. The p8 and p9, which are translated from subgenomic RNA1, are involved in cell-to-cell movement. In addition, coat AbMole (R)-(-)-Modafinic acid protein is also involved in virus movement for TCV. HCRSV genome contains 3911 nucleotides with seven ORFs. A biologically active cDNA clone of HCRSV p223 has been obtained previously. The HCRSV CP is a gene silencing suppressor. In addition, p27 and its other in-frame isoforms affect symptom expression and potentiate Carmoviruses movement in kenaf. AbMole Cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate Different from other Carmoviruses, HCRSV contains a novel ORF which is a putative transcription factor and it is indispensable for host-specific replication. In addition, the p23 possesses a novel nuclear localization signal which interacts with importin a and facilitates HCRSV RNA genome to enter nucleus. For the p23 NLS, any mutation to the three basic amino acids lysine, arginine and histidine will abolish its nuclear localization. Since p23 is essential for HCRSV replication and it is a putative transcription factor, whether HCRSV infection can be affected by mutations of the basic amino acids is not known. This study is aimed to address this question and to uncover any additional function of p23, based on mutations of its basic amino acids. This will also contribute to the understanding of virus long distance movement and symptom development. Previously by using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of p23-GFP fusion protein, we have shown that any single or combinations of mutations of the three basic amino acids in the NLS of p23 would abolish its nuclear 
localization in vivo. In this study, two representative mutants p223 and p223, were chosen to test the effects of basic amino acids on infected kenaf plants. The first mutant p223 has one basic amino acid mutated from histidine to alanine, and the second mutant p223 has two basic amino acids mutated to alanine. We investigated the effects of these two mutants on virus movement. From these results, we extrapolate the same effects to other basic amino acids within the NLS of p23 mutants on virus movement. In order to determine the subcellular localization of p23 protein, a GFP fused protein driven by the 35S CaMV promoter was used. The GFP signal in the fused protein can be traced using confocal laser microscopy. However, in the virus mutants, localization of p23 protein is not possible due to its minute amount produced. Since p23 is an individual ORF expressed in the virus mutant with the same amino acids as in the GFP fused protein, it is reasonable to believe that mutations in the p23 region will also yield similar results when there are expressed as part of the virus mutants. The replicase of RNA viruses, except retroviruses, is highly error-prone. Generally artificially introduced mutations in a virus genome will be reverted back under selection pressures. As a result, RNA viruses can rapidly eliminate genetic mutations introduced into their genomes. However, mutations may induce certain phenotypes on the infected plants.