Differentiation, contraction, and AbMole Ellipticine collagen synthesis. It also independently 
promotes fibroblast resistance to apoptosis through signaling pathways. The plasma ET levels in patients with MODS caused by acute PQ poisoning were much higher than those of the AbMole Folinic acid calcium salt pentahydrate controls. Bosentan is a dual endothelin-receptor antagonist that can be taken orally, and in patients with severe PH, it can improve exercise capacity, hemodynamics and quality of life. Bosentan application to bleomycin-treated rats resulted in significantly higher exercise capacity as a result of improvements in PH and PF and improvements in their quality of life. The present data suggests a therapeutic utility for bosentan, particularly in treating the early stages of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of bosentan as a PQ poisoning treatment. Over the past few years, cytokine research has brought new ideas to PQ therapy. TGF-b1 is a multifunction cytokine; it can stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, synthesize extracellular matrix and suppress collagen degradation, promote collagen deposition, and it may then play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PF. One domestic study found that the level of caveolin-1 decreased in rats after PQ exposure. Caveolin-1 notably downregulates transforming growth factor-b signal transduction by modulating TGF-b1 receptor gene expression, preventing Smad2 phosphorylation, and/or mediating TGF-b receptor turnover. ET-1 also plays a central role in lung fibrosis. ET-1 has been shown to induce fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, contraction, and collagen synthesis. It also independently promotes fibroblast resistance to apoptosis through signaling pathways. The levels of plasma ET in patients with MODS caused by acute PQ poisoning were much higher than in the controls. An ETA receptor antagonist was shown to inhibit the development of paraquat-induced PF, confirming the importance of ET-1 in mediating PF in a rat experiment. There are three distinct isoforms endothelins, namely ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 and two endothelin receptors, namely ETA-R and ETB-R. ETA-R mainly resides in smooth muscle cells, and ETB-R is in the endotheliocyte. ET-1 is the most abundant isoform and the best characterized in vivo one of the two receptors. Bosentan is a nonselective dual endothelin-receptor antagonist, and it is widely used to treat PH. It can improve the exercise capacity and hemodynamics of PH patients. In recent years, bosentan has been shown to have some function in acute lung injury and PF by three methods, which included reducing the right ventricular systolic pressure, decreasing reactive oxygen species release and relieving the inflammatory reaction.