Considering the two limitations described, we are planning further experiments with a choline-folic acid-deficient/low-methionine diet in the next study, which would attenuate the possible effect of the weight loss. Third, although alterations of several mRNA expressions including Dnmt strongly suggest that rearrangement of DNA methylation occurred in the brains of FMCD mice, our study does not include direct evidence. Further study showing the actual occurrence of the epigenetic alteration would be desirable. However, it should be noted that a previous study revealed that long-term reduction of dietary methyl donors induced the rearrangement of DNA methylation in the rat brain. In summary, we examined the effects of FMCD exposure during the developmental period on emotional behaviors and hippocampal gene expressions in juvenile and adult mice. Feeding mice an FMCD diet during the developmental period induced severe impairment of memory acquisition and a decrease in anxiety-like behavior. Feeding the same mice a normal diet after the FMCD treatment partially reversed the behavioral alteration, but the adult mice still had impairment in fear-memory consolidation or retrieval while anxiety-like behavior was elevated. Gene expressions of Dnmt3a and 3b in the hippocampus were decreased by the FMCD exposure, which strongly suggests the occurrence of DNA methylation rearrangement in the FMCD mice group. Changes in gene expressions of Grin2b and Gabra2/3 might have been involved in the mechanism behind the behavioral alterations. Our study suggests that altering the one-carbon metabolic pathway in the developmental brain could affect emotional behavior and memory formation. Excessive vitamin A intake resulted in congenital malformations during embryonic development and also had a toxic effect on the liver in broilers. Excessive supplementation with vitamin A might increase the risk of bone fractures by depleting vitamin D, and it has a detrimental effect on the immune function of birds. However, Veltmann et al. reported that birds could tolerate as much as 30 times the recommended level of vitamin A without showing compromised performance or damage to skeletal development, as measured by bone ash. Although many studies have examined the effects of vitamin A on immunity, growth, and development in EX 527 side effects broilers and layers, few studies have explored the effects of high levels of dietary vitamin A supplementation on broiler breeder hens. Veltmann and Jensen compared vitamin A toxicity in Single Comb White Leghorn chicks, broilers, and turkey poults and found that a differential response to vitamin A toxicosis existed within breeds and across species. The effect of high levels of dietary vitamin A supplementation on broiler breeder hens is unknown. It is known that all forms of vitamin E are absorbed in the intestine, but there are several unknowns concerning metabolism. a-tocopherol is absorbed by a passive diffusion process from the small intestine to the enterocyte. Dietary retinoic acid reduced the intestinal absorption of a-tocopherol and promoted its oxidation or increased vitamin E turnover. Research on vitamin E absorption found that excess a-tocopherol did not reduce the absorption of c-tocopherol.