The selected set of rate constants shown in Table S2 is the basis for the following analysis and is referred to as the control temporal conditions. The combination of canonical spatial and control temporal conditions is simply referred to as the control conditions. A movie of the oscillation of NF-kB in the control condition is available. Neither the location nor localization of IkBs transcription or IKK activation altered the oscillation pattern. Thus, there are at least two categories of spatial parameters that alter and do not alter the oscillation pattern of nuclear NF-kB. When the N/C ratio was increased, the decay time constant td increased in our simulation, indicating the persistent oscillation in larger N/C volume ratios. It is reported that in human cancer patients, both nuclear volume and the N/C ratio are increased. Thus, the oscillation of NF-kB in cancer cells is potentially prolonged. Although there are discussions on the physiological role of persistent oscillation of nuclear NF-kB, the persistent oscillation will maintain NF-kB-dependent gene expression and lead to the aberrant gene expression. Our simulation results offer one possible mechanism and explanation for the altered gene expression in cancer cells which have larger N/C ratios. The change in the nuclear transport altered the oscillation pattern greatly, but differently from changes in the N/C ratio. The change in the number of NPCs can directly alter nuclear transport. In fact, it is reported that in tumor cell lines, Nup88, a component of NPC proteins, was strongly expressed, and its expression level correlated with malignancy. These suggest the increased number of NPCs in cancer cells, and hence the increased nuclear transport. Together with these, our simulation results suggest altered oscillation patterns because of increased nuclear transport in cancer cells If we changed the spatial localization of IkBs transcription within a nucleus, there was no difference in the oscillation pattern from the control condition. If we changed the localization and the location of IKK activation, there was also no difference from the control conditions. These simulation results should be FG-4592 contrasted with those that have large effects on the oscillation pattern by changes in the N/C ratio, nuclear transport, location of IkBs synthesis, and the diffusion coefficient. If we look at the spatial distributions of nuclear NF-kB and cytoplasmic IKK in our simulation, they are virtually homogeneous. These indicate that NF-kB and IKK are well stirred, and this explains the unaltered oscillation pattern by changes in these spatial parameters. In the present report, we show an altered oscillation pattern of nuclear NF-kB due to changes in spatial parameters, the N/C ratio and nuclear transport that are strongly related to cancer cells. Therefore, it will be important to investigate these spatial parameters in normal and cancer cells. is the mobile telephone, as they are more reliable and less cumbersome than landlines. Even though private ownership and use of mobile phones is not as widespread as in other more developed countries, Africa has shown great uptake of mobile phone technology. For example, between 2000 and 2005 mobile phone subscriptions in Cameroon increased by 270% per annum. In 2008, 37% of the adult population owned a mobile phone. Given the aforementioned trend in mobile phone subscriptions it is reasonable to infer that a large majority of the adult population now own and use mobile phones.